The secure elementYour private keys are made inside a small chip built to resist being read, and they never leave it. Everything the wallet does with them happens in there. That is its security, and also its boundary: a working chip hands its keys to nobody.
Ledger, Trezor, KeepKeySealed plastic shells with a small screen and a button or two. Some keep the keys in a dedicated secure chip, others behind an encrypted store on the main microcontroller. Ledger, Trezor, KeepKey, SafePal and BitBox02 differ in the detail, but on a bench each is a board, a port and a display.
Where the port gives wayWhere most of these jobs begin. The socket is the one part under load — plugged in, tugged sideways, leant on — and its pads lift long before anything else fails.
Water, drops and radiatorsThree things account for most of the damage. Water leaves salts behind that go on eating the board for weeks after it looks dry. A drop lands on whatever protrudes, which is the socket. And the heat used to dry a wallet out — a radiator, a hairdryer, an airing cupboard — warps the board and lifts its joints for good.